Título de la Revista: ANNUAL ENERGY AND TRANSPORT REVIEW
Año........................:2005
Número..................:0
Volumen................: 2004
INSTRUCCIONES PARA PEDIR COPIA DE UN ARTICULO
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8
1. Energy .. 9
Policy, market opening, competition and infrastructure .. 9
Trends in the energy sector. 9
Environment, renewable energies and energy efficiency10
2. Transport .10
Policy, market opening, competition and infrastructure .10
Trends in the transport sector .10
Environment, safety and efficiency.10
INTRODUCTION.12
1. The importance of the energy and transport sectors for the enlarged EU: Current situation and challenges.13
2. Special characteristics of the energy and transport sectors..13
3. Energy . 14
Main initiatives since 2000 14
Overview of the energy balances of the EU and its main trading partners 15
Primary energy demand . 15
Power generation 16
Final energy demand 17
Energy supply: Indigenous production and self-sufficiency .. 17
Prices and competition . 17
Environment and sustainability 18
4. Transport 18
Main initiatives since 2000..18
Freight transport 21
Passenger transport . 22
Infrastructure policy 22
Market opening and competition 23
Environment and safety .. 23
EUROPEAN UNION ENERGY AND TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS.24
1. Policies, market opening and competition 25
Policies 25
General policies affecting both sectors. 25
Energy policies .. 25
Transport policies 29
Changes in the structure and ownership of the two sectors . 31
Public / private ownership issues ..32
Consolidation, new entrants and vertical integration 32
Progress with market opening 34
Legislative developments . 34
Progress with market opening in the electricity and gas sectors 34
Opening of the transport markets 35
2. Completion of European infrastructure . 36
The TEN process 36
Trans-European networks – energy. 36
TEN-E guidelines .. 37
Electricity capacity and interconnection..37
Gas supply capacity and interconnection ..38
Development of expenditures and project status.38
TEN-E priority projects 39
Trans-European networks – transport.. 41
Revision of TEN-T guidelines in 2004 41
TEN-T priority projects. 42
Connecting the European Union to its neighbours 43
Progress and financing of the TEN-T .. 45
3. Costs and accessibility of energy and transport . 47
Cost drivers and comparative costs for users .. 47
Common cost drivers : wholesale fuel prices 47
Sector-specific cost drivers..47
Public service and vulnerable customers 53
Energy. 53
Regional accessibility transport 54
4. Links between the economy, transport and energy .. 56
Socio-economic trends . 56
Determinants and trends of energy and transport activity.. 57
Energy drivers and indicators .57
Transport drivers and indicators ..61
Activity trends 61
Gross inland consumption (GIC) . 65
Final energy demand (FED) .. 65
FED: Industry .66
FED: Households and tertiary .. 66
FED: Transport67
Energy and transport in the context of the economy 68
Value of final energy demand and energy taxes in the EU-15.. 68
Transport’s share of GDP.. 69
5. Energy developments 71
Changes in the structure of final energy demand 71
The energy transformation sector.. 71
Electricity generation 71
Electricity and gas infrastructure . 75
The EU's electricity network .75
Gas transmission network, storage and import terminals75
Changes in the structure of gross inland consumption . 76
Primary energy production . 81
Renewable energy consumption 86
Import dependency and supply security 87
6. Transport developments 89
Freight transport .. 89
European trends. 89
National trends . 90
Passenger transport . 91
European trends 91
National trends . 92
7. Environment .. 94
Overview. 94
CO2 emissions 94
Acidifying emissions .. 95
Safety and environment in the transport sector.. 96
Safety 96
Maritime safety 97
Environment 97
TRADING PARTNERS' ENERGY AND TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS..100
1. Acceding countries, candidate countries and European trading partners .. 101
Policies and industry structure. 101
Acceding and candidate countries (ACC). 101
European trading partners (ETP) 102
Energy indicators. 104
Energy intensity.. 104
Structure of final energy demand . 104
The energy transformation sector 104
Structure of gross inland consumption .105
Production of primary energy .105
Transport indicators: accession and candidate countries 105
Infrastructure 105
Freight transport 106
Passenger transport .107
Transport indicators: European trading partners. 108
Transport infrastructure .108
Freight transport ..108
Passenger transport 109
CO2 emissions 109
2. Principal trading partners 110
Common interests, policies and industry structure 110
Energy110
Transport 111
Energy indicators.. 114
Energy intensity114
Structure of final energy demand 114
The energy transformation sector.115
Structure of gross inland consumption ..115
Primary energy production and self-sufficiency..115
Transport indicators 116
Infrastructure .116
Modal split .116
Freight transport ..117
Passenger transport 118
CO2 emissions 119
FOCUS ON EFFICIENCY IN ENERGY AND TRANSPORT.120
1. Introduction . 121
Efficiency: a multi-pronged concept.. 121
Main drivers of efficiency .. 122
The importance of efficiency in European energy and transport policy .. 123
Europe's position and the potential for efficiency increases. 124
2. Legislation in force and proposals for efficiency in the energy and transport sectors . 125
Energy sector 125
Efficiency in buildings .125
Efficiency in energy using products .125
Promotion of end-use efficiency and energy services..125
Combined heat and power 126
Office equipment – Energy Star programme126
Transport sector..126
CO2 emissions from passenger cars 126
Opening up public purchasing 127
Communication on climate change and aviation 127
Community research and technical development..127
Intelligent Energy for Europe: an integrated initiative. 127
3. The key role of energy prices. 128
Energy prices and their effects on the economy and the energy and transport sectors . 128
Effects on demand: demand elasticity and demand structure .. 128
4. Efficiency in the energy sector .. 130
Main trends in energy demand and efficiency 130
Power generation 130
Power transmission and distribution ..131
Energy efficiency of industry.132
Domestic sector demand..132
National energy intensity ..132
CO2 intensity .133
The potential for savings . 133
Efficiency in buildings ..133
Domestic appliances 133
Public information campaigns.134
Transmission and distribution efficiency..134
Generation134
Energy services.134
Efficiency certificates.134
Incorporate efficiency into the ETS134
5. Efficiency in the transport sector 135
Efficiency of the transport system 135
Transport intensities ..135
Modal shares..135
Social cost efficiency .136
Efficiency of transport modes . 137
Air transport137
Rail transport 137
Road passenger transport ..139
Road freight transport140
Sea transport and inland waterway ..142
PARA ENVIAR PETICION: 